Module 6 challenge: Operating System in Practice(Operating Systems and You: Becoming a Power User) Answers 2025

Sure 👍 here are the correct answers written in the same clear format as your example:

Question 1

Which of the following roles are typically considered part of IT?

✅ Hardware technician
✅ Network engineer
✅ Desktop support personnel
❌ Business analyst

🔹 Explanation:
IT roles usually include technical positions like hardware technicians, network engineers, and support staff who maintain systems and networks. Business analysts work closely with IT but are generally part of business operations or strategy teams, not core IT.

Question 2

Fill in the blank: A(n) ____ is a device that stores and processes data by performing calculations.

✅ computer

🔹 Explanation:
A computer performs logical and arithmetic operations to process data, making it the device that stores and processes information.

Question 3

Which of these devices were used to store data in computers in the past but typically are no longer used?

✅ Punch cards
✅ Floppy disks
❌ Transistors
❌ Hard disk drives

🔹 Explanation:
Punch cards and floppy disks are now obsolete data storage devices. Transistors are used in processing (not storage), and hard drives are still commonly used.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: One byte can encode ___ unique values.

✅ 256

🔹 Explanation:
A byte has 8 bits, and since each bit can be 0 or 1, 28=25628=256 possible combinations.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: ____ is used to assign characters to binary values so humans can read them.

✅ Character encoding

🔹 Explanation:
Character encoding (like ASCII or Unicode) maps binary data to readable text characters.

Question 6

Which of the following is the current method used to communicate in binary?

✅ Electrical signals that flow through transistors

🔹 Explanation:
Modern computers use transistors to represent binary 0s and 1s through the presence or absence of electrical current.

Question 7

Use the following binary conversion table to convert the decimal value 142 into binary format.

✅ 10001110

🔹 Explanation:
142 in binary =
128 (on) + 8 (on) + 4 (on) + 2 (on) = 10001110.

Question 8

Convert the byte 00100001 into a decimal value.

✅ 33

🔹 Explanation:
Binary → Decimal = 32 + 1 = 33.

Question 9

Convert the byte 00011001 into a decimal value.

✅ 25

🔹 Explanation:
Binary → Decimal = 16 + 8 + 1 = 25.

Question 10

What do we mean when we say “under the hood”?

✅ “Under the hood” refers to the specific, complex details of an implementation.

🔹 Explanation:
The phrase means looking deeper into how something actually works — the internal mechanisms or technical workings behind the scenes.

Would you like me to format these as a Google Forms answer key style (with correct options and explanations compactly)?

Perfect 👍 Here’s your full answer sheet with all options kept, correct answers marked with ✅, and short explanations — just like your given example:

Question 1

Which of the following roles are typically considered part of IT? Select all that apply.

• ✅ Hardware technician

• ❌ Business analyst

• ✅ Network engineer

• ✅ Desktop support personnel

🔹 Explanation:
IT (Information Technology) roles mainly involve maintaining and supporting computer systems, networks, and hardware. Business analysts, while related, focus more on business processes and data interpretation.

Question 2

Fill in the blank: A(n) ____ is a device that stores and processes data by performing calculations.

• Analytical engine

• Punch card

• Difference engine

• ✅ Computer

🔹 Explanation:
A computer is a modern device that stores, processes, and calculates data using electronic components.

Question 3

Which of these devices were used to store data in computers in the past but typically are no longer used? Select all that apply.

• ✅ Punch cards

• ✅ Floppy disks

• ❌ Transistors

• ❌ Hard disk drives

🔹 Explanation:
Punch cards and floppy disks are outdated storage devices. Transistors are still used in processors, and hard disks are still in use for storage today.

Question 4

Fill in the blank: One byte can encode ___ unique values.

• 100

• ✅ 256

• 8

• 2560

🔹 Explanation:
A byte has 8 bits. Each bit can be 0 or 1, giving 28=25628=256 possible combinations.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: ____ is used to assign characters to binary values so humans can read them.

• RGB

• Compilation

• ✅ Character encoding

• Refactoring

🔹 Explanation:
Character encoding (like ASCII or Unicode) maps binary numbers to readable letters and symbols so computers and humans can exchange text data.

Question 6

Which of the following is the current method used to communicate in binary?

• Holes in punch cards

• Vacuum tubes

• ✅ Electrical signals that flow through transistors

• Magnetic tape

🔹 Explanation:
Modern computers use transistors that switch electrical signals on and off to represent binary 1s and 0s.

Question 7

Use the following binary conversion table to convert the decimal value 142 into binary format.

• 10011100

• 01100110

• 10001010

• ✅ 10001110

🔹 Explanation:
142 = 128 + 8 + 4 + 2 = binary 10001110.

Question 8

Use the following binary conversion table to convert the byte 00100001 into a decimal value.

• ✅ 33

• 37

• 32

• 36

🔹 Explanation:
Binary 00100001 = 32 + 1 = 33 in decimal.

Question 9

Use the following binary conversion table to convert the byte 00011001 into a decimal value.

• ✅ 25

• 18

• 28

• 24

🔹 Explanation:
Binary 00011001 = 16 + 8 + 1 = 25.

Question 10

What do we mean when we say “under the hood”?

• ✅ “Under the hood” refers to the specific, complex details of an implementation.

• “Under the hood” refers to a car engine.

• “Under the hood” refers to hiding the complexity of a concept.

• “Under the hood” refers to abstracting a concept to make it easier to understand.

🔹 Explanation:
“Under the hood” means examining the deeper, technical workings or internal mechanisms of how something functions — similar to checking a car’s engine but in a computing context.

Would you like me to convert this into a Google Docs or Google Form answer key format (so you can upload or share it directly)?

Got it 👍 From now on, I’ll always present your assignment answers in that format — with all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, clear explanations, and a summary at the end.

Here’s your assignment solved in your preferred format ✅ — all options included, correct ones marked, short explanations for each, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

Which computer component does the calculations and data processing?

• ✅ CPU

• RAM

• Motherboard

• Port

🔹 Explanation:
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) performs all calculations, logic operations, and data processing, making it the “brain” of the computer.

Question 2

What is the function of RAM on a computer?

• It sends a voltage to the clock wire to let the CPU know it can start doing calculations.

• ✅ It stores recently or frequently accessed data.

• It acts as a bridge between the CPU and the Register.

• It acts as a computer’s short term memory.

🔹 Explanation:
RAM temporarily stores data that is being used or accessed frequently, allowing faster read/write speeds compared to long-term storage.

Question 3

What happens to data stored in RAM when a computer is turned off?

• It is saved

• Only the most frequently accessed data is saved

• ✅ It is cleared

• It is cached

🔹 Explanation:
RAM is volatile memory, meaning all stored data is lost once the power is turned off.

Question 4

Select all that apply. Mobile devices usually:

• ❌ use only proprietary connectors.

• ❌ are optimized for performance.

• ✅ are powered by batteries.

• ✅ have components that are integrated to save space.

🔹 Explanation:
Mobile devices are battery-powered and built with integrated components to conserve space and improve efficiency.

Question 5

What is a charge cycle?

• The maximum number of charge cycles that a battery can handle in a certain time period

• The lifespan of a battery

• ✅ One full charge and discharge of a battery

• The device used to recharge a battery

🔹 Explanation:
A charge cycle is the process of fully charging and discharging a battery once — it helps measure battery health over time.

Question 6

What units are commonly used to represent network data transfer rates?

• MB/s

• MB

• Mb

• ✅ Mb/s

🔹 Explanation:
Network speeds are measured in megabits per second (Mb/s), where 1 byte = 8 bits. This is different from storage, which uses megabytes (MB).

Question 7

Which of the following are properties of the motherboard? Select all that apply.

• ✅ It routes power from the power supply.

• ✅ It facilitates communication between different parts of the computer.

• ✅ It lets you expand the computer’s functionality by adding expansion cards.

• ❌ It runs the operating system and executes software.

🔹 Explanation:
The motherboard distributes power, connects all hardware components, and supports expansion. The CPU, not the motherboard, runs the OS and executes code.

Question 8

You’re looking to buy a new hard drive and want the fastest option for data access. Which of these RPM speeds likely indicates the fastest hard drive?

• ✅ 10,000 RPM

• 5,400 RPM

• 3,200 RPM

• 7,200 RPM

🔹 Explanation:
Hard drives with higher RPMs (Revolutions Per Minute) spin faster, allowing quicker read/write speeds. 10,000 RPM drives are the fastest among these.

Question 9

Why might someone choose to upgrade their computer’s RAM (Random Access Memory)? Select all that apply.

• ❌ They only use their computer for basic tasks like checking email.

• ✅ They are a graphic designer who works with large image files.

• ❌ They want to store more photos and videos on their computer.

• ✅ They are starting to notice slowdowns when running multiple programs at once.

🔹 Explanation:
Upgrading RAM helps improve multitasking and performance in memory-intensive tasks like design, video editing, or running many apps simultaneously.

Question 10

You’re presenting at a conference and hook up your laptop to the projector. When you turn it on, the image is blurry and pixelated, nowhere near the quality you were expecting. What’s the most likely culprit for this issue?

• The projector’s bulb needs to be replaced.

• The presentation file is corrupted.

• The projector is overheating.

• ✅ Your computer did not recognize the display resolution of the projector and needs a device driver.

🔹 Explanation:
A blurry or pixelated display is usually caused by a resolution mismatch between your laptop and projector. Updating or reinstalling the display driver typically fixes it.

🧩 Summary:

• The CPU handles all data processing.

• RAM stores temporary data and is cleared when power is off.

• Mobile devices are compact, battery-powered, and integrated.

• Motherboards connect and power all parts of a computer.

• 10,000 RPM hard drives and RAM upgrades improve performance.

• Network speeds are measured in Mb/s, and blurry displays usually mean resolution or driver issues.

✅ Key takeaway: Understanding hardware components and their functions helps diagnose performance issues and choose better system upgrades.

Here’s your assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked with ✅, short explanations for each, and a final summary section.

Question 1

You’re entering data in a spreadsheet. You open a menu that you haven’t opened in several weeks. Then, you notice that the spreadsheet program slows down. Which of the following is the likely cause?

• ❌ Your kernel has scheduled its processes inefficiently and you should restart your computer.

• ✅ Your computer needs to load the page for that menu from virtual memory into RAM.

• ❌ Your computer needs to load the page for that menu from RAM into virtual memory.

• ❌ Your computer does not have enough RAM to load the menu.

🔹 Explanation:
When a program hasn’t been used recently, parts of it might have been moved to virtual memory (disk storage) to free up RAM. Accessing it again requires loading it back into RAM, which can cause a brief slowdown.

Question 2

Why are virtual machines (VMs) popular in business settings?

• ✅ VMs are easier to maintain and provision than physical machines.

• ✅ VMs allow a user to run multiple operating systems at once.

• ❌ VMs don’t require physical resources like memory, CPU, or storage.

• ✅ Resources used by a VM can be reclaimed once the VM is no longer needed.

🔹 Explanation:
VMs are flexible, cost-efficient, and easy to manage. They run on physical hardware but can be started, stopped, or reallocated dynamically.

Question 3

Which of the following commands would you use to create a folder called Folder1 in Linux?

• ❌ touch Folder1

• ❌ mkdir FOLDER1

• ✅ mkdir Folder1

• ❌ Folder1 nwdir

🔹 Explanation:
In Linux, the mkdir (make directory) command creates a new folder. Command syntax is case-sensitive, so mkdir Folder1 is correct.

Question 4

What is Ubuntu’s main screen called?

• ❌ Background

• ✅ Desktop

• ❌ System environment

• ❌ Search pane

🔹 Explanation:
In Ubuntu and most operating systems, the Desktop is the main screen where icons, windows, and files appear for user interaction.

Question 5

Which part of a file’s metadata tells a user what type of file it is?

• ❌ Its data block.

• ❌ Its name.

• ✅ Its file extension.

• ❌ Its storage location.

🔹 Explanation:
A file extension (e.g., .txt, .jpg, .exe) indicates the file type and tells the operating system which application can open it.

Question 6

What does an operating system’s User Space do?

• ❌ Breaks stored files into data blocks to increase accessibility and storage space efficiency.

• ✅ Allows humans to interact with the operating system through a GUI or CLI shell.

• ❌ Manages the input and output of external devices.

• ❌ Manages system resources by creating, scheduling, and managing processes.

🔹 Explanation:
The User Space provides an environment for users and applications to interact with the system — for example, through the graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI).

Question 7

Which of the following operating systems is packaged and distributed by a variety of different organizations?

• ❌ Windows

• ✅ Linux

• ❌ ChromeOS

• ❌ Mac OS

🔹 Explanation:
Linux is open-source software, meaning different organizations can package and distribute their own versions (called distributions), like Ubuntu, Fedora, or Debian.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of Chrome OS?

• ❌ It has high hardware resource requirements.

• ❌ It is very popular with gamers who play video games that require powerful computers.

• ✅ It is designed for simplicity, security, and speed.

• ❌ Because it is cloud-based, it is particularly susceptible to malware and security hacks.

🔹 Explanation:
Chrome OS is lightweight and cloud-focused, offering simplicity, fast boot times, and strong security, especially for web-based use.

Question 9

What process does the BIOS/UEFI run to ensure a computer is in proper working order before it runs the bootloader?

• ❌ PIVOT

• ✅ POST

• ❌ TEST

• ❌ REVIEW

🔹 Explanation:
POST (Power-On Self-Test) checks the computer’s hardware (RAM, CPU, keyboard, etc.) to ensure everything is working before loading the OS.

Question 10

You want to create a file called Secret_document in Linux. Which of the following commands would you use?

• ❌ Secret_document touch

• ✅ touch Secret_document

• ❌ mkdir Secret_document

• ❌ TOUCH Secret_document

🔹 Explanation:
In Linux, the touch command creates a new empty file. The correct syntax is touch Secret_document (case-sensitive).

🧩 Summary:

• Virtual memory slows things down when swapping data between disk and RAM.

• VMs are flexible and efficient for running multiple OS environments.

• Linux commands like mkdir and touch are used for folder and file creation.

• The Desktop is the main user interface in Ubuntu.

• File extensions identify file types.

• User Space lets users interact with the OS.

• Linux is open-source and has many distributions.

• Chrome OS focuses on simplicity, security, and speed.

• The POST process checks system health before boot.

• The touch command creates new files.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding how operating systems manage memory, files, and user interaction helps in diagnosing performance issues, using Linux efficiently, and knowing how system components work together.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred format — all options included, correct ones marked ✅, clear explanations, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

True or false: You can create a network with two computers.

• ✅ True

• ❌ False

🔹 Explanation:
A network simply means two or more devices connected to share data or resources. So yes, even two computers connected directly can form a network.

Question 2

Which of these addresses identify a computer on the network?

• ❌ AC address and IP address

• ✅ MAC address and IP address

• ❌ WWW and IP addresses

• ❌ ISPs and IP addresses

🔹 Explanation:
A computer on a network is identified by its MAC address (hardware-level ID) and IP address (software-level network ID).

Question 3

Which of these are networking devices? Choose all that apply.

• ✅ Routers

• ✅ Switches

• ❌ TCP

• ✅ Hubs

🔹 Explanation:
Routers, switches, and hubs are physical networking devices that connect and route traffic between devices. TCP is a protocol, not a device.

Question 4

Which protocol handles delivery of information from one network to another?

• ✅ IP

• ❌ HTTP

• ❌ TCP

• ❌ FTP

🔹 Explanation:
IP (Internet Protocol) manages addressing and routing packets between different networks — it ensures data reaches the correct destination.

Question 5

Which one of these translates human readable words to IP addresses for the computer?

• ❌ TCP/IP

• ❌ ICANN

• ✅ DNS

• ❌ URL

🔹 Explanation:
DNS (Domain Name System) converts easy-to-remember domain names (like google.com) into IP addresses that computers understand.

Question 6

Which group manages the registration of domain names?

• ❌ Web Registrar

• ❌ DNS

• ❌ ISP

• ✅ ICANN

🔹 Explanation:
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) oversees domain registration and the global IP address system.

Question 7

What was the name of the earliest version of the Internet?

• ❌ World Wide Web

• ✅ ARPANET

• ❌ TCP/IP Network

• ❌ NAT

🔹 Explanation:
The ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first version of the Internet, created by the U.S. Department of Defense in the late 1960s.

Question 8

Which tool lets organizations use many private addresses within one public IP address?

• ✅ NAT

• ❌ HTML

• ❌ ICMP

• ❌ IP

🔹 Explanation:
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows multiple devices with private IPs to share a single public IP, helping conserve IPv4 addresses.

Question 9

Concerning IP address shortages, what is the most important difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

• ❌ It will be less expensive for a company to have multiple IPv6 addresses as compared to IPv4 addresses.

• ❌ IPv6 addresses are simpler and therefore easier to remember than IPv4 addresses.

• ❌ IPv6 addresses are more secure.

• ✅ There are many, many more potential IPv6 addresses than IPv4 addresses.

🔹 Explanation:
The biggest advantage of IPv6 is its enormous address space — it supports 340 undecillion addresses, solving the IPv4 shortage issue.

Question 10

True or false: The “Internet of Things” is a new internet that human users cannot use.

• ❌ True

• ✅ False

🔹 Explanation:
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to connecting physical devices (like sensors, appliances, or vehicles) to the Internet — it’s part of the same internet humans use, just used by machines.

🧩 Summary:

• Even two computers can form a network.

• MAC + IP addresses uniquely identify devices.

• Routers, switches, and hubs are main networking devices.

• IP handles packet delivery; DNS translates domain names.

• ICANN manages domain registration globally.

• ARPANET was the Internet’s origin.

• NAT helps conserve public IPs.

• IPv6 provides a massive address pool.

• IoT connects devices, not a separate Internet.

✅ Key takeaway:
Networking relies on devices, protocols, and addressing systems (like IP, DNS, and NAT) to ensure smooth, scalable, and secure global communication.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, clear explanations for each, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

Which of the following is true of software? Select all that apply.

• ✅ It is something that was programmed.

• ❌ It is the physical components of a computer.

• ✅ It is comprised of instructions that tell a computer’s hardware what to do.

• ✅ It is a way for humans to interact with computers.

🔹 Explanation:
Software is a collection of programmed instructions that control hardware and provide a way for humans to interact with computers through applications and operating systems.

Question 2

Fill in the blank: _____ is software that is permanently stored on a computer component.

• ✅ Firmware

• Application software

• System software

• Monitor software

🔹 Explanation:
Firmware is permanently stored in hardware components (like BIOS chips) and provides low-level control for device operations.

Question 3

Why are compilers a key component of programming and modern computer languages?

• ❌ They use human-readable instructions that are translated into machine instructions by a compiler. This means they can only run on Linux-based computers.

• ❌ They use punch cards to give instructions to a computer.

• ❌ They use assembly language to give instructions to a computer. This enables them to run on many types of CPUs.

• ✅ They allow programs written in human-readable code to be compiled into machine instructions that can be run on many different types of CPU.

🔹 Explanation:
A compiler translates high-level, human-readable programming code (like Python, C, or Java) into machine code that can run on various hardware architectures.

Question 4

Which of the following is a software management best practice? Select all that apply.

• ✅ Verify that you trust the source of any software you download to your computer.

• ✅ Keep software up-to-date.

• ✅ Read the license agreement of any software you download to your computer.

• ❌ Download software from untrusted sources like random websites, pop-ups, and email attachments only when necessary.

🔹 Explanation:
Good software management practices include downloading only from trusted sources, reading license terms, and keeping software updated to prevent bugs and security risks.

Question 5

Your computer is running version 2.8.30 of a software program. Assuming this software follows a sequential numbering trend, which of the following versions of the software are more up-to-date than version 2.8.30? Select all that apply.

• ✅ 3.8.20

• ✅ 8.2.30

• ❌ 2.8.03

• ❌ 2.8.15

🔹 Explanation:
Version numbers increase from left to right (major.minor.patch). Any number greater than 2.8.30 — such as 3.8.20 or 8.2.30 — indicates a newer version.

Question 6

You want to remove a game called Catstronaut from a computer using Windows. What is the best way to do this?

• ❌ Find the program in File Explorer and drag it to the Recycling Bin.

• ❌ Find its executable file (catstronaut.exe) and delete it.

• ✅ Find the program in System settings → Add or remove programs, then uninstall it.

• ❌ Find the program in File Explorer, right-click, and select Delete.

🔹 Explanation:
The proper way to remove software in Windows is through Settings → Apps → Add or remove programs, ensuring all related files and registry entries are deleted.

Question 7

You want to update the VLC Media Player on your Windows computer. Where should you go to find the most up-to-date version of the VLC Media Player?

• ❌ The Apps & Features window

• ❌ The Windows repository of distributions

• ✅ VLC’s website

• ❌ Microsoft’s website

🔹 Explanation:
The most reliable and current version of VLC is always available on the official VLC website (videolan.org), not through Microsoft or the Windows store.

Question 8

You want to check whether VLC is installed on your computer that runs Linux. Which command should you use?

• ✅ dpkg -s vlc

• ❌ dpkg vlc

• ❌ dpkg -f vlc

• ❌ installed -f vlc

🔹 Explanation:
The command dpkg -s [package_name] (e.g., dpkg -s vlc) displays information about the installed package in Linux.

Question 9

You want to install the Mozilla Firefox Browser on your computer. You have not updated the repository of Linux distributions in several weeks. Which command should you run to update the repository before you install Mozilla Firefox?

• ✅ sudo apt-get update

• ❌ apt-get update

• ❌ sudo update

• ❌ sudo apt-get install firefox-esr

🔹 Explanation:
Running sudo apt-get update refreshes the list of available packages from the repositories, ensuring you install the latest version of Firefox.

Question 10

You want to uninstall VLC from your computer. Which command could you use?

• ❌ sudo remove vlc

• ✅ sudo apt-get remove vlc

• ❌ remove vlc

• ❌ apt-get remove vlc

🔹 Explanation:
The command sudo apt-get remove vlc uninstalls VLC from a Linux system that uses the APT package manager, while requiring admin (sudo) privileges.

🧩 Summary:

• Software = programmed instructions that control hardware.

• Firmware = permanently stored low-level control software.

• Compilers translate code into machine instructions.

• Safe practices: trust sources, read licenses, keep software updated.

• Version 3.8.20 & 8.2.30 are newer than 2.8.30.

• Uninstall software in Windows Settings, not manually.

• Update & check software in Linux with dpkg and apt-get commands.

• Always download apps like VLC from official sites for security.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding software management — including installation, updating, uninstallation, and version control — helps maintain system security, performance, and reliability.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, with clear explanations and a summary at the end.

Question 1

What is the first step to follow when troubleshooting?

• ❌ Tell the user that you need to keep the computer for troubleshooting.

• ❌ Ask the user to restart the computer.

• ✅ Ask follow-up questions to identify the problem.

• ❌ Assume a cause for the problem and try to solve the problem based on the assumption.

🔹 Explanation:
The first step in troubleshooting is to gather information — ask follow-up questions to understand the issue clearly before attempting any fixes.

Question 2

_______ is how the “Isolating the problem” troubleshooting method help us to solve the problem.

• ❌ Understanding the user

• ❌ Diagnosing the problem

• ❌ Acquiring technical knowledge

• ✅ Shrinking the scope of the potential issue

🔹 Explanation:
Isolating the problem means narrowing down potential causes step by step until the exact issue is identified — effectively shrinking the scope of where the problem could be.

Question 3

Imagine the following scenario:
A user says their laptop doesn’t turn on. You confirm it doesn’t.
What should be your next step?

• ❌ Tell the user to leave the laptop and wait for your call.

• ❌ Agree with the user and replace the laptop.

• ✅ Ask more questions, and try to identify the root cause of the problem.

• ❌ Replace the laptop’s battery.

🔹 Explanation:
Before taking action, a good IT support specialist asks additional questions (e.g., “Is it plugged in?” “Did you see any lights?”) to find the root cause.

Question 4

Which of the following characteristics is part of great customer service?

• ❌ Keeping quiet while working.

• ❌ Talking in technical jargon.

• ❌ Being fast.

• ✅ Acknowledging the user.

🔹 Explanation:
Acknowledging the user shows empathy and professionalism, a key part of great customer service — users feel heard and respected.

Question 5

A user reports being unable to access the corporate email app. You identify the issue. What should you do?

• ❌ Tell the user to wait.

• ❌ Immediately start solving the problem. After you finish, you text back, saying the problem was solved.

• ❌ Solve the problem and ignore the user.

• ✅ Notify the user you found the root cause of the problem and how long it will take to solve, and you will let them know when the issue is resolved.

🔹 Explanation:
Good IT support involves clear communication — let users know what’s happening, what caused the problem, and when it will be resolved.

Question 6

___________ are all-in-one solutions that help you track user issues, communicate with your users, and provide updates.

• ❌ Emails to users

• ✅ Ticketing or bug systems

• ❌ Procedures

• ❌ Chat rooms

🔹 Explanation:
Ticketing systems (like Jira or ServiceNow) are used in IT to log, track, and manage user issues efficiently.

Question 7

Why is it important to document IT issues/problems?

• ✅ To save you time, your company time, and your users’ time.

• ✅ It helps you audit your steps in case you need to go back and see what you did.

• ❌ To keep track of your time.

• ❌ Because it is a requirement of the company.

🔹 Explanation:
Proper documentation helps ensure consistency, accountability, and faster resolution in future cases by keeping a detailed record of steps taken.

Question 8

________________________ is the most common pitfall when troubleshooting.

• ❌ Using the fastest possible solution

• ❌ Guessing the solution

• ✅ Going on autopilot and not finding the root cause of the problem

• ❌ Asking questions and gathering data

🔹 Explanation:
A common mistake in troubleshooting is acting without thinking — making assumptions instead of carefully finding the root cause through analysis.

Question 9

What is troubleshooting?

• ❌ Asking questions.

• ❌ Using different methods to help the customer.

• ✅ The ability to diagnose and resolve a problem.

• ❌ Finding the root cause of a problem.

🔹 Explanation:
Troubleshooting is a structured process that involves diagnosing and resolving a technical issue efficiently and logically.

Question 10

Scenario: The help desk receives a call saying, “My laptop is not turning on.”
Select the best ticket documentation.

• ❌ The user connected the laptop to the power supply.

• ✅ After asking the user when was the last time they charged the laptop, it was found the laptop had not been charged in four days. I asked the user to plug in the laptop to a power outlet and wait at least 5 minutes and try again. The laptop is working fine.

• ❌ Issue solved.

• ❌ Laptop not working. Working now.

🔹 Explanation:
The best documentation clearly records steps taken, findings, and resolution — ensuring others can review or repeat the process if needed.

🧩 Summary:

• Start troubleshooting by asking questions and isolating the issue.

• Always acknowledge users and communicate updates clearly.

• Ticketing systems streamline tracking and support.

• Documentation saves time, ensures consistency, and helps future troubleshooting.

• Avoid autopilot — always find the root cause.

• Effective troubleshooting = diagnose, document, and communicate.

✅ Key takeaway:
Good troubleshooting combines technical skill, logical thinking, and strong communication — ensuring fast, accurate, and user-friendly problem resolution.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred format — all options shown, correct answers marked ✅, short explanations for each question, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

What is an advantage of RHEL?

• ✅ The versions of software are controlled so only patches are added

• ❌ Everything is free

🔹 Explanation:
RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) provides stability and reliability by using well-tested, controlled versions of software and only adding security patches or bug fixes—not constant new features.

Question 2

Why does Fedora have so many releases?

• ✅ It is designed to test new innovative features

• ❌ It is designed to get new version so software is more stable

🔹 Explanation:
Fedora is a community-driven, cutting-edge distribution used to test and develop new features that may later appear in RHEL.

Question 3

Can you use Ubuntu on Internet of Things (IoT)?

• ✅ Yes

• ❌ No

🔹 Explanation:
Ubuntu Core is a lightweight version of Ubuntu specifically designed for IoT devices, so Ubuntu can indeed be used for IoT applications.

Question 4

Why does Linux not have a GUI?

• ✅ It has a GUI

• ❌ It is too hard to code

🔹 Explanation:
Linux does have a GUI, such as GNOME, KDE, XFCE, and others — it’s just that the GUI is optional, as Linux can also run purely from the command line for flexibility.

Question 5

Which command allows you to change the current directory?

• ❌ cat

• ✅ cd

• ❌ ls

• ❌ cp

🔹 Explanation:
The cd (change directory) command is used in Linux to move between directories within the file system.

Question 6

Which command deletes a file?

• ❌ delete

• ❌ del

• ✅ rm

🔹 Explanation:
The rm command (remove) is used to delete files in Linux. For example, rm file.txt permanently removes that file.

Question 7

Where was UNIX invented?

• ✅ Bell Labs

• ❌ Microsoft Labs

• ❌ Google

🔹 Explanation:
UNIX was created in the 1960s at Bell Labs by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie — it later inspired Linux and other operating systems.

Question 8

Which license does Linux use?

• ✅ GPL

• ❌ BSD

• ❌ Mozilla

• ❌ Proprietary

🔹 Explanation:
Linux uses the GNU General Public License (GPL), which allows anyone to freely use, modify, and distribute the software — as long as they share their changes under the same license.

Question 9

If you modify Linux source code you cannot charge anyone for that change.

• ✅ False

• ❌ True

🔹 Explanation:
Under the GPL, you can charge for distributing or supporting Linux modifications — but you must still make the source code available under the same license.

Question 10

You need to be a Linux partner to change the source code.

• ✅ False

• ❌ True

🔹 Explanation:
Linux is open-source, meaning anyone can modify its source code without needing to be an official partner or organization.

🧩 Summary:

• RHEL focuses on stability, while Fedora tests innovation.

• Ubuntu supports IoT via Ubuntu Core.

• Linux does have GUIs (like GNOME, KDE).

• Key commands: cd to change directories, rm to delete files.

• UNIX was invented at Bell Labs.

• Linux uses the GPL license, allowing open modification and redistribution.

• Anyone can modify Linux code and even charge for their version — as long as they follow GPL rules.

✅ Key takeaway:
Linux’s strength lies in its open-source nature, flexibility, and collaboration — enabling innovation from community testing (Fedora) to enterprise stability (RHEL).

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred format — all options included, correct answers marked ✅, clear explanations for each, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

What does TCP stand for?

• ❌ Timing Control Protocol

• ✅ Transmission Control Protocol

• ❌ Topical Carrier Protocol

• ❌ Translational Carrier Pathway

🔹 Explanation:
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main communication protocols of the Internet, responsible for establishing reliable connections and ensuring data is transmitted accurately between devices.

Question 2

Which of the following is the fifth layer of the TCP/IP Five-layer network model?

• ❌ Data Link

• ✅ Application

• ❌ Transport

• ❌ Physical

🔹 Explanation:
The Application layer is the fifth and topmost layer of the TCP/IP model. It provides user-facing services like HTTP, FTP, and email.

Question 3

Which layer in the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model is responsible for defining a common way to interpret signals so network devices can communicate?

• ❌ Transport

• ❌ Application

• ❌ Network

• ✅ Data Link

🔹 Explanation:
The Data Link layer defines how data packets are encoded and decoded into bits and how signals are interpreted between connected devices on the same network.

Question 4

What type of cable communicates binary data by changing the voltage between two ranges?

• ✅ Copper

• ❌ Fiber

• ❌ Gold

• ❌ Silver

🔹 Explanation:
Copper cables transmit data by varying the electrical voltage between two ranges to represent binary 0s and 1s.

Question 5

What is a network with only a single device at each end of the link called?

• ❌ A collision domain

• ❌ A switching hub

• ✅ A point to point connection

• ❌ A twisted pair network

🔹 Explanation:
A point-to-point connection directly links two network devices with no intermediaries, allowing dedicated communication between them.

Question 6

Which device forwards data and operates at layer three of the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model?

• ❌ Switch

• ✅ Router

• ❌ Client

• ❌ Hub

🔹 Explanation:
A router operates at Layer 3 (Network layer) and is responsible for forwarding data packets between different networks using IP addresses.

Question 7

What device provides emails to devices like laptops and desktop computers?

• ✅ Server

• ❌ Switch

• ❌ Hub

• ❌ Router

🔹 Explanation:
A mail server stores, sends, and receives emails, providing email access to user devices through protocols like SMTP, IMAP, or POP3.

Question 8

Fill in the blank: When data flows across a cable in both directions, this is known as _____ communication.

• ✅ Duplex

• ❌ Ethernet

• ❌ Simplex

• ❌ Cross talk

🔹 Explanation:
Duplex communication allows simultaneous two-way data flow across a connection, unlike simplex (one-way) or half-duplex (alternating).

Question 9

Fill in the blank: There will almost always be some troubleshooting data available through _____.

• ❌ Stop LEDs

• ❌ Wire lights

• ❌ Action LEDs

• ✅ Port lights

🔹 Explanation:
Port lights (or link/activity LEDs) on switches, routers, and NICs show connectivity status and network activity, useful during troubleshooting.

Question 10

Which layer abstracts away the need for any other layers to care about what hardware is in use?

• ✅ Network

• ❌ Physical

• ❌ Transport

• ❌ Data Link

🔹 Explanation:
The Network layer handles logical addressing (via IP), which means other layers don’t need to know what specific hardware (like routers or cables) is being used.

🧩 Summary:

• TCP ensures reliable data transfer.

• The Application layer is the top of the TCP/IP model.

• The Data Link layer interprets network signals.

• Copper cables use voltage to represent binary data.

• A point-to-point connection links only two devices.

• Routers operate at Layer 3 to forward packets.

• Servers provide services like email.

• Duplex communication allows two-way data flow.

• Port lights assist in troubleshooting connectivity.

• The Network layer abstracts hardware details.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding TCP/IP layers and network components — from physical cables to routers and servers — helps in building, managing, and troubleshooting reliable computer networks.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct answers marked ✅, short explanations for each, and a clear summary at the end.

Question 1

Which of the following describes the user experience?

• ❌ The user experience is the attitude the UX designer has about a product.

• ❌ The user experience is how the developer feels about a user.

• ✅ The user experience is how the user feels about interacting with or experiencing a product.

• ❌ The user experience is how the company wants a user to feel.

🔹 Explanation:
User experience (UX) refers to the overall feeling and satisfaction a person has when using a product, system, or service. It’s about the user’s emotions, not the company’s intentions.

Question 2

How does it benefit businesses to consider the user experience (UX)?

• ❌ It helps businesses make design decisions based on business plans, rather than user preferences.

• ✅ It helps businesses create products that are usable and accessible to a wider range of customers.

• ❌ It helps businesses copy successful product ideas from competitors in their market segment.

• ❌ It helps businesses limit spending on pricey user research studies, by focusing on design first.

🔹 Explanation:
By focusing on UX, companies make products more intuitive, accessible, and enjoyable, reaching more customers and improving satisfaction.

Question 3

What type of UX designer specializes in one kind of UX design and has a breadth of knowledge in other areas?

• ✅ T-shaped

• ❌ Specialist

• ❌ Generalist

• ❌ Y-shaped

🔹 Explanation:
A T-shaped designer has deep expertise in one area (the vertical bar of the T) and broad understanding across multiple UX disciplines (the horizontal bar).

Question 4

What role do most UX designers begin their careers as?

• ❌ Y-shaped

• ✅ Generalist

• ❌ T-shaped

• ❌ Specialist

🔹 Explanation:
Most new UX designers start as generalists, handling a bit of everything — research, wireframing, prototyping, and testing — before specializing.

Question 5

What is a specialist UX designer?

• ❌ A designer who maintains a wide breadth of knowledge and responsibilities.

• ❌ A designer who specializes in one kind of UX design and has a breadth of knowledge in other areas.

• ✅ A designer with a deep understanding of a particular UX design role such as visual, interaction, or motion design.

• ❌ A designer who has a deep understanding of one kind of UX design and lacks knowledge in other areas.

🔹 Explanation:
A specialist UX designer focuses deeply on one area, like visual design or interaction design, offering expert-level skill in that domain.

Question 6

Which UX design role focuses on creating smooth transitions between pages of an app or website?

• ❌ UX engineer

• ✅ Motion designer

• ❌ Interaction designer

• ❌ Visual designer

🔹 Explanation:
A motion designer enhances user experience through animated transitions and micro-interactions that make the interface feel fluid and engaging.

Question 7

When designing a good user experience, what is a key task of the designer?

• ✅ Connecting a specific emotion to the experience of using the product.

• ❌ Confirming that the product matches the needs of the client above all else.

• ❌ Making a user work hard to understand the product.

• ❌ Leaving room for improvement in later versions.

🔹 Explanation:
UX designers aim to create emotional connections through usability, visuals, and intuitive design that make users enjoy using the product.

Question 8

Wireframing is a day-to-day responsibility of an entry-level UX designer. What is a wireframe?

• ❌ A plan for the product development life cycle.

• ❌ The basic idea of a future product.

• ✅ An outline or a sketch of a product or a screen.

• ❌ An approach to gathering information about potential users.

🔹 Explanation:
A wireframe is a blueprint or layout showing the basic structure and elements of a webpage or app screen — used before adding final visuals.

Question 9

Choose the environment that best suits a generalist. Select all that apply.

• ✅ Startup businesses

• ✅ Design agencies

• ❌ Large corporations

• ✅ Small companies

🔹 Explanation:
Generalists thrive in smaller or fast-paced environments like startups and agencies, where they can take on multiple responsibilities.

Question 10

What are some of the benefits a beginner UX designer might find working at a design agency?

• ✅ Design agencies allow generalist UX designers to work with a wide range of clients.

• ❌ Design agencies allow employees to pick the projects they want to work on and manage their own schedule.

• ❌ Design agencies allow employees to make large contributions and guide the company towards growth.

• ✅ Design agencies allow employees to specialize in one specific skill and learn from expert colleagues.

🔹 Explanation:
Design agencies expose beginners to varied projects and expert mentorship, helping them grow both general and specialized UX skills.

Question 11

Which of the following team members does a UX designer collaborate with to understand how people use a product?

• ❌ UX writer

• ❌ Motion designer

• ❌ Visual designer

• ✅ UX researcher

🔹 Explanation:
UX researchers gather data on user behavior and needs, helping designers create more intuitive and user-centered products.

Question 12

A beginner UX designer is looking for a short-term work opportunity with not a lot of responsibility. Which of the following is a good option for them?

• ❌ An entry-level job

• ✅ An internship

• ❌ Freelancing

• ❌ Working at a start-up

🔹 Explanation:
An internship offers short-term, guided experience with limited responsibility, ideal for beginners to learn real-world UX practices.

Question 13

In UX design, what makes a product equitable?

• ✅ The designs are useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities and backgrounds.

• ❌ The design, structure, and purpose of the product are clear to everyone.

• ❌ The design is difficult to learn at first, but easy to understand as time goes on.

• ❌ The design is designed to function the same for everyone.

🔹 Explanation:
Equitable design ensures inclusivity — making products accessible, useful, and appealing to users with varied abilities and backgrounds.

Question 14

Alex is working with a team to solve a problem for their users. The team will follow a process to bring their idea to reality. What is this process called?

• ❌ Product development timeline

• ❌ Design and development life cycle

• ❌ Product creation life cycle

• ✅ Product development life cycle

🔹 Explanation:
The Product Development Life Cycle (PDLC) outlines the stages from idea to launch, ensuring a user-centered, functional product.

Question 15

What is the first stage in the product development life cycle?

• ❌ Design

• ❌ Brainstorm

• ❌ Test

• ✅ Define

• ❌ Launch

🔹 Explanation:
The first stage is to define the problem — understanding user needs and business goals before brainstorming or designing solutions.

🧩 Summary:

• UX focuses on how users feel when interacting with a product.

• Businesses benefit from UX by improving accessibility and customer satisfaction.

• T-shaped designers specialize deeply but know broadly; most start as generalists.

• Wireframes visualize product structure.

• Generalists fit startups and agencies; specialists shine in larger teams.

• UX researchers collaborate closely with designers for user insights.

• Internships are ideal for beginners.

• Equitable design promotes inclusivity.

• The Product Development Life Cycle begins with defining the problem.

✅ Key takeaway:
A successful UX designer blends empathy, creativity, and structure, focusing on user needs while aligning with business goals to create accessible and enjoyable digital experiences.

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Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, with clear explanations and a summary at the end.

Question 1

Which of the following is a disadvantage of enabling file content searching on a computer running Windows?

• ✅ It is a resource-intensive and time-consuming process.

• ❌ It means you’re not able to modify files.

• ❌ There are no disadvantages.

• ❌ This option only allows you to search file titles.

🔹 Explanation:
File content searching in Windows allows you to search inside files for specific text or data, but it’s resource-heavy — using more CPU and memory, and it can slow down your computer while indexing.

Question 2

You accidentally created two folders called taxes. Both are empty. One is in /home/users and one in /home/users/documents. Which command should you use to delete the folder from the users folder?

• ❌ rmdir /home/users/documents/taxes

• ❌ rm /home/users/documents/taxes

• ❌ rm /home/users/taxes

• ✅ rmdir /home/users/taxes

🔹 Explanation:
The rmdir command is used to remove empty directories in Linux. Since /home/users/taxes is empty, rmdir /home/users/taxes is the correct command.

Question 3

Fill in the blank: Additional options included in a Linux command are also referred to as ___.

• ✅ flags

• ❌ filters

• ❌ dashes

• ❌ parameters

🔹 Explanation:
Flags (also called options or switches) modify how a command behaves. They usually start with a dash (e.g., ls -a lists all files including hidden ones).

Question 4

You are using Windows PowerShell in C:\Users. You want to copy C:\Users\documents and its contents to C:\Users\old. Which command could you use?

• ❌ cp documents C:\Users\old\documents

• ❌ cp documents C:\Users\old

• ✅ cp documents C:\Users\old -Recurse

• ❌ cp documents C:\Users\old\documents -Recurse -Verbose

🔹 Explanation:
The -Recurse flag allows PowerShell to copy all files and subfolders within a directory. So cp documents C:\Users\old -Recurse correctly copies everything under documents.

Question 5

You want to use the Windows GUI to delete the Pictures folder in C:\Users while in the Desktop directory. How do you delete it?

• ✅ Navigate to This PC, then Local Disk (C:), then Users, and right-click the Pictures folder, and select Delete from the dropdown menu.

• ❌ Right-click the Pictures folder and select Delete from the dropdown menu.

• ❌ Double-click the Pictures folder, highlight its contents, and push the backspace key.

• ❌ Navigate to Local Disk (C:), right-click the Pictures folder, and select Delete from the dropdown menu.

🔹 Explanation:
Using File Explorer, you can navigate through the folder structure (This PC → Local Disk (C:) → Users → Pictures) and right-click the folder to delete it.

Question 6

You are using Windows. The file blue.txt is stored in the folder colors, which is inside the Users directory on drive C:\. Which is the parent directory of blue.txt?

• ❌ blue.txt

• ✅ colors

• ❌ users

• ❌ C:\

🔹 Explanation:
The parent directory is the folder that directly contains the file. Here, colors contains blue.txt, so it’s the parent directory.

Question 7

You are in C:\Users\Julia\pictures\cats. Which commands could you use to navigate to your home directory: C:\Users\Julia? Select all that apply.

• ❌ cd ~\Julia

• ✅ cd ..\Julia

• ✅ cd C:\Users\Julia

• ✅ cd ~\

🔹 Explanation:

• cd ..\Julia moves up one level (to pictures) and then to Julia.

• cd C:\Users\Julia directly navigates using the full path.

• cd ~\ moves to your home directory shortcut in PowerShell.

Question 8

You’re in C:\Users\Music in the Windows GUI. How do you navigate to C:\Users\Images? Select all that apply.

• ✅ In File Explorer select This PC, select Local Disk (C:), select Users, and select Images

• ❌ In File Explorer select Local Disk (C:), then select Images

• ❌ In File Explorer select This PC, then select Images

• ✅ In File Explorer select the up arrow (↑), then select Images

🔹 Explanation:
In Windows File Explorer, you can go up one directory (using ↑) or navigate manually through This PC → Local Disk (C:) → Users → Images.

Question 9

You want to determine whether your current Linux working directory contains any hidden files. Which command would you use?

• ✅ ls -a

• ❌ ls

• ❌ ls -l

• ❌ pwd

🔹 Explanation:
The -a flag with the ls command lists all files, including hidden ones (files starting with a dot “.” in Linux).

Question 10

Your current Linux working directory is /home/user/documents/IT_applications. It contains two empty folders: IT_cover_letters and IT_resumes. You want to delete both. Which command should you use?

• ❌ mkdir IT_cover_letters IT_resumes

• ✅ rmdir IT_cover_letters IT_resumes

• ❌ touch IT_cover_letters IT_resumes

• ❌ cat IT_cover_letters IT_resumes

🔹 Explanation:
The rmdir command removes empty directories. Since both folders are empty, rmdir IT_cover_letters IT_resumes will delete them successfully.

🧩 Summary:

• File content search in Windows is resource-heavy.

• Use rmdir for deleting empty folders in Linux.

• Flags modify Linux commands.

• PowerShell -Recurse copies folders with subfiles.

• Parent directory = the folder directly containing a file.

• Use cd .., cd ~, or absolute paths to navigate in PowerShell.

• In GUI, navigate using This PC or the up arrow.

• ls -a lists hidden files in Linux.

• rmdir deletes empty Linux folders.

✅ Key takeaway:
File and folder management in Windows and Linux rely on understanding directory structures and command-line tools like cd, ls, and rmdir. Mastering these makes navigation and organization efficient across operating systems.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, clear explanations for each question, and a complete summary at the end.

Question 1

As a Windows Administrator for a large company, you are asked to grant temporary software installation permissions to the Sales department. Which of the following would be the most efficient method for accomplishing this task?

• ❌ Grant temporary Administrator permissions to each employee in the Sales department.

• ❌ Grant each employee in the Sales department temporary Local Administrator permissions on their individual computers.

• ❌ Grant each employee in the Sales department temporary software installation permissions on their individual User accounts.

• ✅ Add the User account for each employee in the Sales department into a special Group, then grant temporary software installation permissions to the Group.

🔹 Explanation:
Using Groups is the most efficient and secure way to manage permissions for multiple users. By creating a group for the Sales department and assigning installation permissions to that group, you can easily grant or revoke permissions for all members at once.

Question 2

In the Computer Management tool in Windows, what setting can an administrator enable if a user’s password was compromised and they need to update it?

• ❌ User cannot change password

• ✅ User must change password at next logon.

• ❌ Password never expires

• ❌ Password must be changed

🔹 Explanation:
The “User must change password at next logon” option ensures the user updates their password the next time they sign in, enhancing security after a compromise.

Question 3

Which Windows PowerShell CLI command can be used to list the Groups on a given computer?

• ❌ Get-GPOReport

• ❌ Get-LocalGroupMember

• ✅ Get-LocalGroup

• ❌ Get-LocalUser

🔹 Explanation:
The Get-LocalGroup command displays a list of all groups defined on the local computer. To view members within those groups, you’d use Get-LocalGroupMember.

Question 4

On a Linux system, which file contains information about the users on a machine?

• ✅ /etc/passwd

• ❌ /etc/sudoers

• ❌ /etc/group

• ❌ /etc/users

🔹 Explanation:
The /etc/passwd file lists user account information including username, UID, GID, and home directory path. It does not store actual passwords (those are in /etc/shadow).

Question 5

What parameter can be used in the Windows CLI to force a user to change their password on the next logon?

• ❌ /passwordkeep:no

• ❌ /newpassword:logon

• ✅ /passwordchg:yes

• ❌ /logonpasswordchg:yes

🔹 Explanation:
In the Windows Command Line (CLI), the /passwordchg:yes parameter forces users to change their password the next time they log in, typically set through net user commands.

Question 6

What is the name of the privileged file on Linux that stores scrambled passwords?

• ✅ /etc/shadow

• ❌ /etc/passwords

• ❌ /etc/shade

• ❌ /passwords

🔹 Explanation:
The /etc/shadow file stores encrypted (hashed) passwords for system users and is only accessible by privileged (root) users to protect security.

Question 7

Which of the following methods can Administrators use to add a user in Windows? (Choose all that apply)

• ❌ With Powershell, use the Create-LocalUser username command.

• ❌ At the CLI, using the DOS style net computer computername/new command.

• ✅ At the CLI, use the DOS style net user username * /add command.

• ✅ In the GUI, under Local Users and Groups in the Computer Management tool, right click Users and select New User.

🔹 Explanation:
Admins can add new users using either the net user username * /add command in Command Prompt or via Computer Management → Local Users and Groups → New User.

Question 8

What does DACL stand for?

• ❌ Discretionary Access Content List

• ❌ Discretionary Admin Control List

• ❌ Direct Access Control List

• ✅ Discretionary Access Control List

🔹 Explanation:
A Discretionary Access Control List (DACL) defines which users or groups have access to an object and what actions they can perform, such as read, write, or execute.

Question 9

When examining the permissions on a file in Linux you find the first four bits are -rwx. What does this mean?

• ❌ It is a directory file and the owner has read, write, and execute permissions.

• ❌ It is a regular file and the owner has read, write, but no execute permissions.

• ✅ It is a regular file and the owner has read, write, and execute permissions.

• ❌ It is a directory file and the owner has read, write, and exchange permissions.

🔹 Explanation:
The first character indicates the file type (- = regular file, d = directory). The next three (rwx) show that the owner has read, write, and execute permissions.

Question 10

When using ICACL in the Windows CLI, what flag shows that a given user can create files?

• ✅ CF

• ❌ WD

• ❌ S

• ❌ write

🔹 Explanation:
In ICACLS (Integrity Control Access Control List), the CF flag stands for Create Files, indicating that a user or group can create new files in that directory.

🧩 Summary:

• Groups are the most efficient way to assign permissions in Windows.

• The “User must change password at next logon” setting ensures security after compromises.

• Use Get-LocalGroup to list groups in PowerShell.

• Linux user info is stored in /etc/passwd, and encrypted passwords in /etc/shadow.

• /passwordchg:yes forces password updates in Windows CLI.

• Add users via net user or Computer Management GUI.

• DACL controls access permissions in Windows.

• Linux file permissions -rwx indicate a regular file with full owner access.

• ICACLS “CF” allows file creation permissions.

✅ Key takeaway:
Effective user and permission management across Windows and Linux involves using group-based permissions, understanding access control systems (DACL, ICACLS), and applying secure password and account policies to maintain a stable and protected environment.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred detailed format — all options shown, correct ones marked ✅, short explanations for each, and a clear summary at the end.

Question 1

Which of the following file types is used to guide software installations in Ubuntu?

• ❌ .msi files

• ✅ .deb files

• ❌ .exe files

• ❌ .mpg files

🔹 Explanation:
Ubuntu uses .deb (Debian) package files for installing and managing software. These packages contain compiled software and the metadata needed for installation.

Question 2

What does the following command do in Ubuntu: apt-get install NamePackage?

• ❌ List all packages installed on your Linux system

• ❌ Search for a package named “NamePackage” on your Linux system

• ❌ Uninstall a software package named “NamePackage”

• ✅ Install a software package named “NamePackage” using a package manager

🔹 Explanation:
The apt-get install command installs a specified package and all its required dependencies on Ubuntu.

Question 3

Fill in the blank: _____ are a central managed marketplace for app developers to publish and sell mobile apps.

• ❌ Package managers

• ✅ App stores

• ❌ Debian packages

• ❌ Windows executables

🔹 Explanation:
App stores (like Google Play Store or Apple App Store) are managed marketplaces for publishing, distributing, and selling mobile apps.

Question 4

Which of the following file types are a common type of archive file? Select all that apply.

• ❌ .deb files

• ✅ .rar files

• ✅ .tar files

• ❌ .msi files

🔹 Explanation:
.rar and .tar are archive file formats used to compress and bundle multiple files into a single package for storage or transfer.

Question 5

Which of the following PowerShell commands will install a software package called “TestPackage” on your system?

• ❌ TestPackage-Install -Chocolatey

• ❌ Get-Package -name TestPackage

• ✅ Install-Package -name TestPackage

• ❌ Find-Package TestPackage -IncludeDependencies

🔹 Explanation:
In PowerShell, Install-Package -name TestPackage installs a package through the PackageManagement (OneGet) framework.

Question 6

Which of the following is the package manager used in Ubuntu?

• ❌ Puppet

• ✅ APT

• ❌ Gimp

• ❌ Launchpad

🔹 Explanation:
Ubuntu uses the APT (Advanced Package Tool) system to install, update, and remove software efficiently from repositories.

Question 7

In Ubuntu, when a device is connected to your computer, a device file is created in the /dev directory. What kind of device might create a file called /dev/sdc?

• ❌ A printer

• ❌ A monitor

• ✅ A memory stick

• ❌ A keyboard

🔹 Explanation:
Device names like /dev/sda, /dev/sdb, /dev/sdc represent storage devices (like hard drives or USB drives). /dev/sdc likely represents a USB memory stick.

Question 8

When Windows notices that a new device has been connected, what’s the first thing it will do?

• ❌ Place the new device in an existing device category in Device Manager

• ❌ Scan the device for viruses

• ❌ Create a new device category in Device Manager

• ✅ Ask for the new device’s hardware ID

🔹 Explanation:
When a device is plugged in, Windows first reads its hardware ID, then searches for an appropriate driver to handle that device.

Question 9

Which of the following will appear as a character device in your Ubuntu /dev directory? Select all that apply.

• ❌ A CD-ROM

• ✅ A mouse

• ❌ A hard drive

• ✅ A keyboard

🔹 Explanation:
Character devices (like keyboards and mice) transfer data character by character, unlike block devices (like hard drives and CD-ROMs) which transfer data in chunks.

Question 10

Which of the following commands will update your Linux application sources?

• ✅ sudo apt update

• ❌ install source.list

• ❌ sudo apt full-upgrade

• ❌ uname -r

🔹 Explanation:
The sudo apt update command refreshes the local list of available packages from the repositories, ensuring you can install or upgrade to the latest versions.

🧩 Summary:

• Ubuntu software uses .deb files and APT for package management.

• apt-get install installs packages; sudo apt update refreshes sources.

• App stores serve as centralized platforms for mobile app distribution.

• Archive files (.rar, .tar) bundle multiple files together.

• PowerShell’s Install-Package installs software in Windows.

• /dev/sdc indicates a storage device like a USB stick.

• Windows identifies new hardware via hardware IDs.

• Character devices include input peripherals like keyboards and mice.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding how package managers, device files, and system commands work helps in effectively managing installations, updates, and hardware across both Linux and Windows environments.

Here’s your full assignment solved in your preferred format — all options included, correct ones marked ✅, short explanations for each, and a full summary at the end.

Question 1

What component of a disk tells the OS how the disk is partitioned?

• ✅ The partition table

• ❌ The swap table

• ❌ The master partition list

• ❌ The filesystems grid

🔹 Explanation:
The partition table stores information about how a disk is divided into partitions, allowing the operating system to identify where each file system begins and ends.

Question 2

What is the maximum volume size for an MBR partition?

• ❌ One terabyte

• ❌ 1024 megabytes

• ✅ Two terabytes

• ❌ Two gigabytes

🔹 Explanation:
The MBR (Master Boot Record) partitioning scheme uses 32-bit addressing, limiting maximum disk size to 2 TB. For larger disks, GPT (GUID Partition Table) is used.

Question 3

The Windows Disk Management Utility provides which of the following? Select all that apply.

• ✅ Information about a computer’s disks and disk partitions, as well as their file systems

• ❌ A command line interface

• ✅ Information about the free and total capacity of disks and partitions on a computer

• ✅ A utility to make modifications to the disk and partitions on a computer

🔹 Explanation:
The Disk Management Utility in Windows allows users to view disk info, create/delete partitions, and manage drive letters — all via a GUI, not CLI.

Question 4

In Linux, what information will be displayed about a computer’s disks when the sudo parted -l command is executed in the CLI? Select all that apply.

• ✅ The partition table types for each disk

• ❌ The security permissions for each partition

• ✅ The number of partitions on each of the computer’s disks

• ✅ The sizes of the disk partitions

🔹 Explanation:
The sudo parted -l command lists all available disks, their partition table types, partition counts, and sizes — but not permissions.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: Virtual memory dedicates an area of the hard drive to use a storage base for blocks of data called _____.

• ❌ databases

• ❌ base storage

• ✅ pages

• ❌ RAM

🔹 Explanation:
Virtual memory divides memory into pages, which are stored temporarily on the hard drive when physical RAM runs out — creating a swap space.

Question 6

In Linux, when running parted in interactive mode, what happens when you enter the command mkpart primary linux-swap 5GiB 100%? Select all that apply.

• ✅ You format a disk partition for swap space.

• ❌ You enable swap on the selected device.

• ❌ You mount a swap partition.

• ✅ You create a new disk partition.

🔹 Explanation:
The command creates a new partition and formats it for swap space between 5 GiB and the end of the disk. It doesn’t enable swap yet — you’d use mkswap and swapon for that.

Question 7

How does a shortcut link to another file?

• ❌ By referencing the other file’s name

• ❌ By referencing the other file’s reference number

• ❌ By referencing a copy of the other file

• ✅ By referencing the other file’s location on the hard drive

🔹 Explanation:
A shortcut (like in Windows) points to the path/location of the original file, not the file’s content or identifier. If the original file is moved or deleted, the shortcut breaks.

Question 8

How does a Linux hardlink link to another file? Select all that apply.

• ❌ By referencing a copy of the other file

• ❌ By referencing the other file’s name

• ❌ By referencing the other file’s physical location on the hard drive

• ✅ By referencing the other file’s inode

🔹 Explanation:
A hard link in Linux connects directly to a file’s inode (the actual data structure), so even if the original file is deleted, the hard link still works until all links are removed.

Question 9

Which features of Windows NTFS filesystem help minimize file corruption? Select all that apply.

• ❌ The fsck command

• ✅ The chkdsk /F command

• ✅ The NTFS log journaling process

• ✅ The fsutil self-healing utility

🔹 Explanation:
NTFS includes journaling (which logs metadata changes), self-healing, and the chkdsk /F tool to detect and repair disk errors — reducing file corruption risks.

Question 10

What must you do before trying to manually repair a file system with the fsck command?

• ❌ Run the chkdsk command.

• ❌ Reboot your computer.

• ❌ Make sure the file system is properly mounted.

• ✅ Make sure the file system is properly unmounted.

🔹 Explanation:
Before using fsck (File System Consistency Check), the file system must be unmounted to prevent damage from read/write conflicts during repair.

🧩 Summary:

• Partition table defines disk structure.

• MBR max volume = 2 TB, GPT supports larger disks.

• Windows Disk Management allows viewing and editing partitions.

• sudo parted -l shows Linux disk partition info.

• Virtual memory uses pages on disk as RAM backup.

• mkpart creates swap partitions but doesn’t activate them.

• Shortcuts reference file locations; hard links reference inodes.

• NTFS journaling, chkdsk, and self-healing help prevent corruption.

• Use fsck only when a file system is unmounted.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding how partitions, links, and file systems work is vital for system maintenance — ensuring stability, efficient storage, and safe recovery from file or disk errors.

Here’s your complete assignment solved in your preferred format — all options included, correct answers marked ✅, short explanations for each question, and a summary at the end.

Question 1

When Windows boots up, what is the first non-kernel process that starts?

• ❌ Powershell

• ❌ The csrss.exe process

• ✅ The smss.exe process

• ❌ The winlogon process

🔹 Explanation:
smss.exe (Session Manager Subsystem) is the first user-mode (non-kernel) process started by the Windows kernel. It’s responsible for starting system sessions and critical processes like csrss.exe and winlogon.exe.

Question 2

When a process completes its task, what happens? Select all that apply.

• ❌ The process releases all the resources it was using to its parent.

• ✅ The process releases all the resources it was using back to the kernel.

• ❌ The process goes into a suspended state.

• ✅ The process terminates automatically.

🔹 Explanation:
When a process finishes execution, it releases its resources (memory, file handles, etc.) to the kernel and terminates — it does not go into suspension.

Question 3

How do you find a process PID number in Windows Task Manager?

• ❌ Click on the Processes tab.

• ✅ Click the Details tab.

• ❌ Select a process from the process list.

• ❌ Task Manager will not show PID numbers.

🔹 Explanation:
The Details tab in Windows Task Manager shows each process along with its Process ID (PID), status, and other details.

Question 4

When using the ps -ef command to read process information in Linux, what is the process’ PPID?

• ❌ The terminal associated with the process

• ❌ Its Process Identification number

• ❌ The ID of the person who launched the process

• ✅ The Process Identification number of its parent

🔹 Explanation:
The PPID (Parent Process ID) identifies the parent process that created or launched the current process.

Question 5

What is the default action of the SIGINT signal?

• ❌ To restart the process that is signaled

• ✅ To terminate the process that is signaled

• ❌ To suspend the process that is signaled

• ❌ To put the process that is signaled into a sleep state

🔹 Explanation:
SIGINT (Signal Interrupt) is typically triggered by pressing Ctrl+C in a terminal and tells the process to terminate gracefully.

Question 6

Which of the following options in Process Explorer will terminate a selected process? Select all that apply.

• ✅ Kill Process Tree

• ❌ Restart

• ✅ Kill Process

• ❌ Suspend

🔹 Explanation:
In Process Explorer, you can stop a process using Kill Process (to end one process) or Kill Process Tree (to end it and all its child processes).

Question 7

In Linux, what signal is sent when you enter the kill pid command?

• ✅ SIGTERM

• ❌ SIGINT

• ❌ SIGKILL

• ❌ SIGTSTP

🔹 Explanation:
By default, the kill command sends SIGTERM (signal 15), which politely asks the process to terminate. SIGKILL (-9) must be specified explicitly to force stop.

Question 8

In iOS and Android, what’s the first thing you should try when troubleshooting a misbehaving app?

• ❌ Check for an app that is using a lot of battery.

• ✅ Close apps, one at a time, starting with the foreground app.

• ❌ Uninstall apps, one at a time, starting with the least recently used app.

• ❌ Close apps, one at a time, starting with the least recently used app.

🔹 Explanation:
When an app misbehaves, the simplest and quickest fix is to close it (force quit) — especially the foreground app — before trying deeper troubleshooting.

Question 9

Which of the following PowerShell commands will sort processes by amount of non-paged memory, in descending order?

• ❌ Get-Process | Sort CPU -descending | Select -property ID, ProcessName

• ❌ Get-Process | Sort -property ID, ProcessName

• ✅ Get-Process | Sort NPM -descending | Select -property ID, ProcessName

• ❌ Get-Process | Sort WS -ascending | Select -property ID, ProcessName

🔹 Explanation:
The NPM property represents Non-Paged Memory in PowerShell. Sorting it in descending order lists processes using the most kernel memory at the top.

Question 10

Which of the following Linux commands shows information about the current time, how long your system’s been running, how many users are logged on, and what the load average of your machine is?

• ❌ top

• ✅ uptime

• ❌ lsof

• ❌ ps -ef

🔹 Explanation:
The uptime command shows system runtime, number of logged-in users, and the load average (CPU usage over time).

🧩 Summary:

• The first non-kernel Windows process is smss.exe.

• Processes release resources to the kernel and then terminate.

• PIDs are visible in Task Manager’s Details tab.

• In Linux, PPID refers to the Parent Process ID.

• SIGINT and SIGTERM are graceful termination signals.

• Process Explorer uses “Kill Process” or “Kill Process Tree” to end tasks.

• The kill command sends SIGTERM by default.

• On mobile, start troubleshooting by closing the foreground app.

• PowerShell’s NPM sorts by non-paged memory usage.

• uptime displays system load and uptime details.

✅ Key takeaway:
Understanding how processes are created, monitored, and terminated — across Windows, Linux, and mobile systems — is fundamental to effective troubleshooting and system administration.