Question 1

What are some strategies data professionals use to understand the source of a dataset? (Select all that apply.)

• Request relevant information from the team members who supplied the data. ✅
  Explanation: Ask the providers about collection methods, provenance, and limitations — this is a primary way to understand source and context.

• Reduce outliers by ensuring data comes from a small sample. ❌
  Explanation: Reducing outliers by shrinking sample size is not a valid strategy for understanding source and generally harms representativeness.

• Confirm the original data owner has no financial stake in the data’s output. ❌
  Explanation: Checking conflicts of interest can be relevant for ethics, but it’s not a primary strategy for understanding the dataset’s source (and it’s not always feasible or sufficient).

• Determine where the data originally came from. ✅
  Explanation: Tracing origin (instrument, system, owner, collection date/location) is essential for provenance and trust.

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Question 2

What is the data storage file format for JavaScript?

• CSV ❌

• spreadsheet ❌

• XML ❌

• JSON ✅

Explanation: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is the standard data interchange/storage format in JavaScript.

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Question 3

What type of data is gathered outside of an organization, but directly from the original source?

• Second-party ✅

• Third-party ❌

• Fourth-party ❌

• First-party ❌

Explanation: First-party = collected by the organization itself. Second-party = another organization’s first-party data obtained directly from that original source. Third-party = aggregated/resold via intermediaries.

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Question 4

Which statement correctly uses head() to return the first 5 rows?

• head=5 ❌

• df.head(rows=5) ❌

• df.head(5) ✅

• df.head(5.df) ❌

Explanation: df.head(5) is the correct pandas syntax to show the first five rows.

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Question 5

Which statement will assign the name “Salzburg Restaurants” to a bar graph in Python?

• plt.xlabel(“Salzburg Restaurants”) ❌

• plt.title(“Salzburg Restaurants”) ✅

• plt.show(“Salzburg Restaurants”) ❌

• plt.name(“Salzburg Restaurants”) ❌

Explanation: plt.title() sets the chart title; xlabel() labels the x-axis.

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Question 6

Which element of the code renders the graphic of the plot?

• geo_scope= ❌

• title_text = ❌

• fig.update_layout ❌

• fig.show() ✅

Explanation: fig.show() actually renders/displays the figure; update_layout configures layout but does not display by itself.

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Question 7

Which structuring method combines two different data frames along a specified starting column?

• Filtering ❌

• Merging ✅

• Sorting ❌

• Grouping ❌

Explanation: merge/join operations combine dataframes along matching columns (keys).

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Question 8

Fill in the blank: A _____ is a data visualization that depicts the locality, spread, and skew of groups of values within quartiles.

• box plot ✅

• density map ❌

• scatter plot ❌

• Gantt chart ❌

Explanation: A box plot (box-and-whisker) shows median, quartiles, spread, and outliers.

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Question 9

What is the name of a graph that represents a frequency distribution (how frequently each value occurs)?

• Box plot ❌

• Heat map ❌

• Histogram ✅

• Scatter plot ❌

Explanation: A histogram bins numeric values and shows their frequencies.

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Question 10

(Use the described histogram of Sudoku solve times.)
According to the histogram, which statements are true? (Select all that apply.)

• Most people solved the puzzle in 7–13 minutes. ✅
  Explanation: The histogram’s tallest bars are centered near 9–11 minutes and counts decline symmetrically toward 7 and 13, so the majority fall in the 7–13 window.

• The solve time for this puzzle follows an approximately normal distribution. ✅
  Explanation: The bars rise to a central peak and descend roughly symmetrically on both sides — that pattern is consistent with an approximately normal (bell-shaped) distribution.

• The solve time for this puzzle follows a bimodal distribution. ❌
  Explanation: There is a single central peak (two adjacent high bars reflect the binning around the same mode), not two separate distinct modes — so it’s unimodal, not bimodal.

• The mean solve time was approximately 10 minutes. ✅
  Explanation: The center of the distribution is around 9–11 minutes; the mean is therefore approximately 10 minutes.

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🧾 Summary Table

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