1. Which cloud deployment model uses cloud services through the open internet on provider-owned hardware?

❌ Community cloud
✅ Public cloud
❌ Private cloud
❌ Hybrid model

Explanation:
Public cloud is accessible over the open internet and hosted on provider-owned infrastructure (AWS, Azure, GCP).

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2. What does Broad Network Access mean?

❌ Accessing more resources at the time of need
✅ Accessing computing resources through standard mechanisms and platforms
❌ Monitoring and measuring resources
❌ Gives cloud providers economies of scale

Explanation:
Broad network access = available over the network using standard protocols (web, mobile, thin clients).

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3. Which layer of the cloud native stack defines the environment?

❌ Application & data services
❌ Application code layer
❌ Scheduling & orchestration
✅ Cloud infrastructure layer

Explanation:
Infrastructure layer provides compute, storage, and networking — defining the application’s operating environment.

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4. Where are microservices typically packaged?

❌ Libraries
❌ Sandbox
✅ Containers
❌ Vaults

Explanation:
Cloud-native microservices are packaged and deployed in containers (Docker, OCI).

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5. Which cloud native solution stack layer holds the cloud native apps?

❌ Scheduling & orchestration
❌ Cloud infrastructure
❌ Application code
✅ Application runtimes layer

Explanation:
The application runtime (e.g., Kubernetes runtime, container runtime) is where cloud-native apps actually run.

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6. CNCF considers which activity their responsibility?

❌ Making technology accessible & reliable
✅ Making cloud native computing ubiquitous
❌ Reviewing project submissions
❌ Developing new technology

Explanation:
CNCF’s mission is to make cloud-native computing ubiquitous, not to build technology themselves.

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7. CNCF project maturity – what is the middle stage?

❌ Submission
✅ Incubated
❌ Graduate
❌ Sandbox

Explanation:
Stages: Sandbox → Incubating → Graduated.

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8. CNCF provides marketing & promotion based on project maturity — True or False?

❌ False
✅ True

Explanation:
More mature projects get stronger marketing, events, and community support.

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9. App modernization affects which development stages?

❌ Refactor, Repackage, Test
❌ Cloud Native, Cloud Ready, Traditional
✅ Build, Deploy, and Run
❌ Innovation, Agile Delivery, Cost Reduction

Explanation:
Modernization impacts the entire lifecycle: build → deploy → run.

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10. Which pattern transforms a monolith into small microservices aligned to business functions?

❌ Exposing APIs
❌ Migrate monolith to cloud runtime
✅ Refactor to microservices
❌ Strangle the monolith

Explanation:
Refactoring splits monolithic components into domain-aligned microservices.

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🧾 SUMMARY TABLE

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