1. Primary reason for DevOps initiative failure

❌ Lack of communication
✅ Lack of organizational learning and cultural change
❌ Lack of skills
❌ Lack of tools

Explanation:
DevOps fails mainly because organizations do not adopt cultural change, collaboration, and learning.

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2. TDD workflow

✅ Write failing test → write minimum code to pass → refactor → repeat
❌ Write code → test manually → refactor
❌ Write passing test → refactor
❌ Write perfect code → write tests

Explanation:
TDD always begins with a failing test, then minimal code, then refactoring.

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3. Purpose of unit testing

❌ Test combined units
❌ Test system end-to-end
❌ Test acceptability
✅ Validate each unit is performing as designed

Explanation:
Unit tests ensure small components behave correctly.

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4. Levels where BDD is usually performed

❌ Unit & system testing
❌ Unit & integration
✅ Integration & system testing
❌ Unit & user acceptance

Explanation:
BDD validates business behavior, tested during integration and system stages.

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5. How CI/CD reduces code integration risk

❌ Code review opportunities
❌ Automating deployment
✅ Automatically building, testing, and deploying code changes
❌ Ensuring main branch is deployable

Explanation:
Automated builds & tests catch integration issues early.

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6. True about Continuous Deployment

✅ Continuous Deployment pushes every successful change automatically to production
❌ Prepares code for release
❌ Means continuous integration
❌ Automation for integration only

Explanation:
Continuous Deployment = no manual approval, production deployments happen automatically.

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7. How CI reduces integration risk

✅ By reducing the probability of errors during integration
❌ Eliminates testing
❌ Increases chances of errors
❌ Enables large changes

Explanation:
CI encourages small, frequent merges, lowering risk.

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8. What does Git allow that others may not?

❌ Check out entire file
❌ Check out only part of a file
❌ Linear collaboration
✅ None of the above

Explanation:
Git’s strength is distributed version control, branching, and merging—not partial checkouts.

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9. Open-source framework for portable pipelines

❌ Travis CI
❌ Jenkins
❌ GitLab
✅ Tekton

Explanation:
Tekton is a Kubernetes-native CI/CD pipeline framework.

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10. Cloud-based CI tool

❌ Spinnaker
✅ Travis CI
❌ Ansible
❌ Jenkins

Explanation:
Travis CI is a cloud-hosted CI service.

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🧾 SUMMARY TABLE

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