Self and others :Introduction to Psychology (Introduction to Psychology) Answers 2026

Question 1

Ultimate causation refers to:

❌ a. what a creature wants or desires
✅ b. the reason something has evolved
❌ c. the immediate factors underlying a behavior

Explanation:
Ultimate causation explains why a behavior evolved (evolutionary purpose), not how it works moment-to-moment.

Question 2

Paul Ekman argues that basic emotion expressions are universal across cultures.

✅ a. True
❌ b. False

Explanation:
Ekman’s research showed facial expressions for basic emotions (happiness, anger, fear, etc.) are universal.

Question 3

Harlow’s monkey studies support:

✅ a. Bowlby’s innate theory of attachment
❌ b. Skinner’s cupboard theory of attachment
❌ c. Ekman’s theory of reciprocal altruism
❌ d. Triver’s theory of reciprocal altruism

Explanation:
Monkeys preferred cloth mothers over wire mothers, showing attachment is based on comfort, not food.

Question 4

Tit-for-Tat strategy: you defect after I cooperated. What do I do next?

✅ a. defect
❌ b. cooperate
❌ c. behave randomly

Explanation:
Tit-for-Tat copies the opponent’s previous move.

Question 5

$10 offer game where rejection means both get nothing:

❌ a. Prisoner’s dilemma
✅ b. Ultimatum game
❌ c. Dictator Game
❌ d. Tit-for-Tat game

Question 6

Cultures of honor are characterized by:

❌ a. high overall violence
❌ b. easily protected resources
❌ c. opposition to capital punishment
✅ d. strong defense of one’s reputation

Explanation:
Honor cultures emphasize reputation and retaliation to threats.

Question 7

Homer disliked wearing a pink shirt due to:

❌ a. liked, spotlight effect
✅ b. disliked, the spotlight effect
❌ c. liked, attentional focus
❌ d. disliked, attentional focus

Explanation:
The spotlight effect makes people think others notice them more than they actually do.

Question 8

Waiting long + mediocre meal but praising it =

❌ a. spotlight effect
❌ b. norm of reciprocity
❌ c. perceptual confirmation
✅ d. cognitive dissonance

Explanation:
They justify the effort by convincing themselves the experience was great.

Question 9

Different explanations for own vs others’ behavior:

❌ a. self-fulfilling prophecy
✅ b. fundamental attribution error
❌ c. cognitive dissonance
❌ d. unconscious stereotyping

Explanation:
We explain our behavior situationally and others’ behavior dispositionally.

Question 10

Pygmalion effect leads student to:

❌ a. be bullied
❌ b. perform poorly
✅ c. succeed in school
❌ d. cause trouble

Explanation:
Higher expectations → better performance.

Question 11

Mere exposure effect:

❌ a. boredom
✅ b. liking something more after repeated exposure
❌ c. attraction to exposed skin
❌ d. better memory for faces

Question 12

False statement about stereotypes:

❌ a. can help categorize groups
❌ b. can be self-confirming
❌ c. can sometimes be accurate
✅ d. stereotypes are necessarily based on personal experience

Explanation:
Stereotypes often come from media, culture, and social learning, not personal experience.

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